20 Behavioral Finance Biases You Need To Know - Money Masterpiece (2024)

Behavioral finance holds that financial decisions are not always data or information-driven, sometimes psychology and behavioral biases affect financial decisions greatly.

Behavioral Finance

Behavioral finance studies the psychology of financial decision-making and assumes that most people know that emotions affect investment decisions.

Behavioral Finance Biases

Behavioral finance biases are the emotional influences on financial decision-making in addition or opposed to logical and data-driven factors.

Behavioral finance takes the insights of psychological research and applies them to financial decision-making. There are lots of classifications of the biases under behavioral finance. Some of the most common and decisive biases are explained below:

Bias #1 Overconfidence Bias

This is an emotional bias, where investors have an inflated faith in their own judgment, decision-making, and analytical abilities.
Examples:
1). Investors overconfidently trade their accounts too frequently.
2). Investors ignore diversification concentrated stock positions.
3). Investors refuse to save or invest, and even ignore developing their investment plans.

Bias #2: Loss Aversion Bias

Investors focus more on loss mitigation than making a profit. Holding losing their investment position for a longer period in the expectation that they get back to even, regardless of the poor future prospects for security. The bias also prompts the investors to sell very lucratively with lower appreciation. Opportunity costs are ignored most of the time for this bias.

Example: BDT 1.00 bears more pain than the gain derived from a profit of BDT 1. Profitable securities are sold quickly and losing securities are held for a longer time.

Bias #3 Endowment Bias

Endowment Bias is an emotional bias where investors value their own security or asset more. The ownership may come from purchase or inheritance. Such overvaluation may underweight the others’ assets and thus fails to benefit from opportunity cost.

Examples:
1) Investors tend to hold on to what they own.
2) They do not want to sell because of:

1. Inheritance,
2. Commissions, and
3. Purchased assets/securities.

Bias #4 Anchoring and Adjustment Bias

This is an information bias using a default number as benchmark/anchor. The pre-existing or first piece of information affects as anchor in both limited and overloaded information.

Example of anchoring and adjustment bias:

(i) Stock market of Bangladesh set an anchor index of 7,000 a few months back and now it is set for 8,000 index points as the BSEC sets some policy issues to 8,000.

(ii) If a stock price sells for 100 and slips for reasonable grounds, many will not offload below 100 despite the strong probability of not returning to that price. The reason is that they anchor the price at $100 and are not ready to accept lower than $100.

(iii) 52-week high/low stock price is another example of anchoring bias. 52-week high stock price works as resistant and leads to undervalue stocks whereas 52-week low stock price works as supports and induce purchases.

(iv) Sometimes, companies opt for stock splits to avoid the 52-week high stock price bias. When stock price approaches 52-week high, resistance comes and undervaluation occurs. Even reasonable grounds fail to break the resistance backed by 52-week high stock price bias. Some companies go for stock splits to break the resistance and downward direction.

(v) We analyze stock price technically or fundamentally but the stock price available in the market works as an anchor.

Bias #5 Outcome Bias

This is a cognitive and information processing bias for which the
investors decide on the basis of ends or outcome not
means or process that led to that result.

Example of outcome bias: We may select an investment manager focusing on his/her performance(track records for a few years) rather than the process that leads to that performance. Such bias takes higher risks as the decision has not been with proper analysis of fundamental and technical aspects.

Bias #6 Mental Accounting Bias

Mental Accounting bias happens when people categorize assets to different mental accounts and value them differently. The same amount of money does not have different values but Mental Accounting bias values differently.

This tendency of mental buckets also causes us to focus on the individual buckets rather than thinking of the entire wealth position.

Examples of Mental Accounting Bias :
1). People spend more money with credit cards than cash.
2). Employee investors overweight equities in their portfolios for their own company stock.
3). Retirement funds are planned for as long-term investments. (Positive effect though)

Bias #7 Snake Bite Effect

The snake bite effect happens if people take very conservative decisions based on past bad experiences and regrets for the poor returns.

Example: If someone avoids stocks for a past fall and consequently invests in government bonds heavily for conservatism. He/she may get upset for lower returns than the stock market.

Bias #8 Illusion of Control

Bias #9 Availability Bias

Availability bias impacts the decisions of investors with the familiarity of the outcome in their life. They perceive easily recalled possibilities
as the best choices.
Examples:
1). A technology company employee guesses tech companies are the best investments.
2). An investor may avoid companies as he can not remember the name easily.
3). Investors tend to invest in best-advertised companies/mutual funds.

4). Investors are eager to invest in or withdraw investment from companies with recent news.

Bias #10 Self-Attribution Bias

Self-Attribution Bias states that investors to credit their success to talent and skill and blame their failures on situations beyond their control or luck.
Examples:
1). Sometimes investors do well simply because of a strong bull
market. Hence the saying, “never confuse brains for a bull
market.”
2). Investors may take too much risk and trade their accounts
excessively.
3). Investors create over-concentrated portfolios due to this bias.
4). This bias discourages investors to learn from past errors.

Bias #11 Recency Bias

Recency Bias lets the investors prioritize more on recent events than those in the distance events.
Examples:
1). Investors only look at the recent 1-, 2-, and 3-year track
record when evaluating investment or manager.
2). Investors will focus on the investment class in favor today.
3). Often investors focus on price and not valuation and can
falsely extrapolate future returns.

4). Investors are eager to invest in or withdraw investment from companies with recent news.

Bias #12 Cognitive Dissonance Bias

Investors ignore newly acquired information if it conflicts with previous views due to cognitive dissonance bias. Some people avoid relevant information to keep aside psychological conflicts.
Examples:
1). Refusal to take the tax benefit

2). Ignoring reallocation to a better investment
3). Not admitting a mistake.
3). “It’s different this time” is the answer when something goes wrong.

Bias #13 Self-control bias

Self-control bias states that people may not act to ensure their best long-term interest because of their lack of self-control.

Examples:

• People prefer lavish life in the present, rather than savings.
• People do not invest in equities or take part in the benefits of dollar-cost averaging.
• People do more shopping with credit cards.
• Consuming lion’s share of income for present lifestyle.
• Less priority on retirement planning and saving.

Bias #14 Confirmation Bias

Confirmation Bias encourages people to emphasize ideas that confirm their own beliefs while ignoring ideas contradicting beliefs.
Example:
The fall of world-famous companies provides examples of how officials suffered for their own company concentration.

Bias #15 Hindsight Bias

Hindsight Bias is the overestimation of one’s prediction power more perfectly than reality.

Examples:

After the market crash in Bangladesh in 1996 and 2010, few people claimed that they could sense the probable stock market collapse. Such people get the confidence that they can predict the future correctly.

Bias #16 Representativeness Bias

Representativeness Bias shows that people categorize assets/investment classes based upon relevant past experiences. Such classifications can often produce incorrect understandings.
Example:
1). Interested in IPOs is thought sure profitable but there might be loss too.

2). Assuming that the past performance of an investment is an indication of its future performance.

#17 Paradox of Choice

The paradox of Choice states that information overload creates lower performance, productivity, and satisfaction. Too much analysis makes paralysis of decision making. When there are too many options, people face difficulty in making financial decisions.

The Paradox of Choice is a book written by Barry Schwartz that explains though conventional view tells us that more choice leads to more freedom and more happiness, research shows the opposite
Examples:
1). 50 studies show a positive connection between choice and anxiety.
2). A study showed that if 10 mutual funds are added to a retirement plan, participation drops by 2% more.

Bias #18 Affinity Bias

It is an emotional bias where investors purchase or sell a security based on values or a sense of attachment rather than economic consideration.

For example, investors may invest in:

1. Securities of countries and regions
2. Securities of companies they shop at
3. Eco-friendly company stocks

Bias #19 Framing Bias

Framing Bias shows that the narrow frame presents overreactions whereas the broad frame presents a lower reaction of investors on loss.

The phrasing/framing and the way information is presented draw the attention of investors in addition to the information itself.

Bias #20 Herd Mentality Bias

Herd Mentality Bias occurs when investors copy and follow the groups for investment decisions instead of their research, analysis, and evaluation.

Such bias severely affects panicked investors and leads to a market crash.

Conclusive Words

Behavioral finance is somewhat a new concept in the investment and finance sector. However, it has been a very influential and impactful aspect in the present era of the competitive business world. We have discussed 20 Behavioral finance biases to make your financial and investment decisions profitable.

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